Transfer of genetic information … In Hansenula polymorpha recombinant strains, up to 100 copies were generated. Chapter 14 Lecture Notes: Microbial Genetics – Recombination and Plasmids I. In an early template for future synthetic phage design the filamentous phage Pf3 was modified to treat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection in a mouse model.50 An export protein gene of Pf3 was replaced with a gene encoding the BglII restriction endonuclease, with the reasoning that (1) this gene replacement renders Pf3 non-replicative thereby introducing a containment strategy, (2) the phage can be stably propagated in a host containing the BglII methylase gene and (3) the BglII would catalyze double strand breaks in genomic DNA of the target strain for killing. Even in the case of successful killing of a target strain, the rapid lysis of a large number of bacteria and the concomitant release of endotoxins and superantigens may result in a strong infammatory response and an unfavourable clinical outcome. Transformation is the process of DNA uptake by the bacteria from the surrounding environment. The bacteria are grown on an agar medium with antibiotics to check for transformed cells. Due to this, the phage genome sometimes carries the bacterial genome with it and integrates it into the genome of the recipient cell. It has been a model system for the study of bacterial metabolism, the cell division process, cell wall biosynthesis, chemotaxis, Brenner's Encyclopedia of Genetics (Second Edition), Somatic Cell Genetics of Higher Plants: Appraising the Application of Bacterial Systems to Higher Plant Cells Cultured in Vitro, Although higher plant cells may have more in common with the fungi or the blue-green algae than with bacteria, we have chosen to compare them with the nonfilamentous bacteria, the Eubacteriales. Bacteria deploy numerous anti-phage systems, principle ones being the innate immunity of restriction-modification and the adaptive immunity of CRISPR/CAS, but conversely so have phage counter-evolved multiple strategies to defeat these systems such as using non-canonical nucleotides in their DNA, having fewer restriction sites or hyper methylating their genomes and delivering proteins that inhibit restriction enzymes or enhance methylating enzymes of the host. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Prokaryotic genome (Bacterial): consist of a single copy (Haploid) ciruclar DNA molecule. Cancer cells are characterized by genomic instability and one cause of this instability is an imbalance of DNA damage signaling and repair. The high genetic diversity of the E. coli genome is also reflected by the large variation in DNA content between different strains [4–6] and by the distribution or genomic location (insertion site) of different virulence determinants [7, 8]. For example, inherited defects in MMR predispose carriers to hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and inherited defects in BRCA1 and BRCA2, which are important in HR, predispose carriers to breast and ovarian. Remaining targets for phage engineering are generic to many biologics, such as stability and response of the immune system. Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors. The genetics of bacteria is very different from that of higher organisms. That is, a donor cell transfers genes to a recipient cell rather than two cells sharing genetic information to generate progeny as in higher organisms. PowerPoint lecture on Microbial Genetics used in an actual college microbiology classroom. It has been suggested that tigecycline's tighter binding to the ribosome does not allow displacement by the RPPs. There are three different types of horizontal transmission for the transfer of genetic information. Plasmids may have either a high copy number or low copy number. Furthermore, phage can only infect bacteria expressing the correct receptor, so there is a tropism to the transfer of DNA.A.S. Importantly, however, in Acinetobacter baumannii, the AdeABC efflux pump, a well-characterized multidrug efflux pump, readily removes tigecycline from the intracellular space. He is a member of the Danish Medical Research Council and on its executive board from 1988 to 1991. Pathogenic E. coli cause various diseases in humans, including several types of diarrhea, urinary tract infections, sepsis, and meningitis (Table I). These studies were very exciting because they indicated for the first time that inhibition of PARP could be selectively toxic to at least a subset of tumors. Further the broad host range combined with CRISPR arrays targeting several antibiotic resistance or virulence genes could allow the use of presumptive phage therapy, that is before pathogen identification. Interestingly this study also demonstrated that the BRCA1 methylation that silenced breast cancer UACC3199 cell line was also sensitive to PARP inhibition suggesting a wider role for these agents in non-BRCA mutated cancers, and there is emerging clinical evidence to confirm this with the observation by Gelmon et al. Expression of the genes encoding this variety of virulence factors is often modulated in response to a series of environmental cues such as temperature, ion concentrations, osmolarity, iron levels, pH, carbon source availability, growth phase, and oxygen levels [25]. View Notes - Bacterial Genetics Notes .pdf from BIOLOGY 141 at Emory University. Transduction is the process of transfer of genes from the recipient to the donor through bacteriophage. Mogens Kilian is professor of medical microbiology at the University of Aarhus (since 1991). DNA replication, genetic characters, their changes & transfer to next generations. The killing of P. aeruginosa by Pf3R relies on the phage host range to provide specificity of targeting as BglII restriction sites would be expected to be present in essentially all bacterial genomes. In Eastern Europe phage therapy became common place and several renowned treatment centers exist to this day, for example, in Georgia and Poland. Don't show me this again. Aside from a minimal number of relevant references to other systems, we find sufficient examples that illustrate diverse selection schemes among studies of two groups of gram-negative bacteria: the coliform bacteria and the fluorescent pseudomonads, soil bacteria. By continuing you agree to the use of cookies. Although higher plant cells may have more in common with the fungi or the blue-green algae than with bacteria, we have chosen to compare them with the nonfilamentous bacteria, the Eubacteriales. Characteristics a) Much smaller than the chromosome (<1/20th the size), ranging in size from 200 kb to 2 kb. The donor and the recipient strand both contain a single strand of the F-plasmid. Cellular DNA is subject to a variety of insults from endogenous (eg, oxygen radicals formed as part of normal metabolism) and exogenous (eg, UV) sources on a continuous basis. This is one of over 2,200 courses on OCW. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. ScienceDirect ® is a registered trademark of Elsevier B.V. URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128132883000288, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444635037000036, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780444640468002020, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780702062858001465, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780080508368500226, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123042200500108, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123749840008858, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012620980850011X, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780123822192006827, URL: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128035825000048, David P. Clark, ... Michelle R. McGehee, in, Disruption of Protease Genes in Microbes for Production of Heterologous Proteins, New and Future Developments in Microbial Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Industrial Biotechnology and Commodity Products, Comprehensive Biotechnology (Third Edition). These factors induce actin rearrangements and activation of particular signal transduction pathways that result in disease [23]. This is carried out by temperate bacteriophage which undergoes the lysogenic cycle. Conjugation is carried out in several steps: 1. C. DNA Replication 1. Plasmids, and sometimes bacterial chromosomes, are transferred between two cells during bacterial mating. Bacteria can acquire DNA (i.e., new genes) in 3 basic ways: 1) Transformation • uptake and retention of external DNA molecules 2) Conjugation • direct transfer of DNA from one bacterium to another 3) Transduction • the transfer of DNA between bacteria by a virus Among many honors, Luria received a Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine in 1969, sharing it with Max Delbrück and Alfred Hershey. Bacterial transformation is the transfer of free DNA released from a donor bacterium into the extracellular environment that results in assimilation and usually an expression of the newly acquired trait in a recipient bacterium.. The use of phages has several advantages over antibiotics, primarily the potential to target specific strains and thereby leave the beneficial microbial community intact, and also the ability to overcome resistance by use of complementing phage cocktails, ‘training’ phages on selected host strains or simply isolating new phages against a pathogen. The cells that survive and grow are transformed cells. Extensive use of tetracyclines in humans and in the veterinary field as growth promoters led to widespread selection and dissemination among bacteria of genetic determinants encoding ribosomal protection proteins (RPP) and major facilitator superfamily (MFS) drug efflux pump-mediated resistance mechanisms.5 Most of these acquired tetracycline resistance genes reside on transposons, conjugative transposons and/or integrons which permit horizontal resistance transfer from one species to another and between unrelated genera.5 Resistance to first- and second-generation tetracyclines is now relatively common among bacteria causing respiratory tract infections such as pneumococci. Bacterial Genetics; A significant portion of bacterial genetics, the study of bacteria, have been devoted to medical and industrial purposes. Major advances in bacterial genetics have been made with Escherichia coli K12; consequently, some people tend to equate bacterial genetics with E. coli. Long-circulating phage mutants were obtained by a serial passage technique58 and were found to be mutated in the major capsid protein. B. Dec 15, 2020 - Bacterial genetics MBBS Notes | EduRev is made by best teachers of MBBS. The bacterial chromosome is a long circle of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) that is attached to the membrane of the cell. Conjugation does involve cell contact. In this way phage could be readily deployed for treatments, without a new platform having to be isolated ad hoc for each pathogen. Only the bacteria containing the antibiotic resistance gene will grow in the presence of antibiotic. The virus enters the bacteria and integrates its genome within the host cell DNA. EIEC behaves as Shigella, in that it contains the same virulence factors (e.g., type III secretion system, invasins, and intracellular spread mechanism) that are responsible for producing a dysentery-like disease [21]. Bacterial infections that cause human illness can be prevented by vaccines or can be cured by antibiotics. Overview: Microbial Model Systems. They discovered that the F-factor can move between E.coli cells and proposed the concept of conjugation. Science Prof Online (SPO) is a free science education website that provides fully-developed Virtual Science Classrooms, science-related PowerPoints, articles and images. Later a single amino acid change, also in a capsid protein, introduced by direct genetic manipulation resulted in a 13,000 to 16,000-fold increased capacity for the phage to remain in the mouse circulatory system.59 Other parameters to improve phage as therapeutic agents, such as production, formulation and route of administration probably fall outside the scope of SB activities, but the lessons learned from previous work with native phages will also apply to SB engineered phages. EHEC produces a Shiga-like toxin (similar to that found in Shigella dysenteriae) that seems to be involved in causing the hemolytic uremic syndrome in a proportion of cases [22]. Range from 580-4600 Kbp Many bacteria contain extra chromosomal DNA materials as apart of genome called plasmid and transposons. Virulence gene expression is determined by a consensus response to a mixture of these different biochemical and physical parameters that allows the bacterial cell to identify and exploit a particular extracellular or intracellular niche. This opens the way for improved genetic engineering of bacteria.

• Bacterial DNA contains about 4,000kilobases

• I kb = 1000 base pairs ( A-T ) ( G-C)

• Humans have about 4,000 kb pairs. They divide quickly by binary fission producing identical daughter cells. This process was first reported in Streptococcus pneumonia by Griffith. The amenability of the nonfilamentous bacteria to various genetic and cultural manipulations has resulted in the development of a great variety of selection schemes. Again no contact between living bacterial cells is involved. For example, type I pili are found in most of the different pathogenic E. coli, making it difficult to assign a specific role for this adhesin in disease, although it has been suggested to be important for spreading and colonization by commensal E. coli [13, 14] or colonization of the urinary tract [15, 16]. Concomitant with the latter characteristic is their amenability to replica plating. Previous Mutation. Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is the central molecule of genetics, although DNA was once thought to be too simple a molecule to store genetic information. PowerPoint Resources. They discovered that the F-factor can move between E.colicells and proposed the concept of conjugation. JOSÉ L. PUENTE, B. BRETT FINLAY, in Principles of Bacterial Pathogenesis, 2001. Chapter 17 Bacterial and Viral Genetics 1 1 CDC/Janice Haney Today with the rise of antimicrobial resistant pathogens, initially the so-called ESKAPE strains48 but now an even wider set of pathogens49 which are predicted to result in more deaths than cancer by 2050, there is renewed interest in phage therapy. Here, only the restricted genome has the possibility of entering into the recipient cells. The amenability of the nonfilamentous bacteria to various genetic and cultural manipulations has resulted in the development of a great variety of selection schemes. In the period 1986 to 1991 Professor Poulsen was research assistant in the Mogens Kilian’s group at the Department of Oral Biology, Royal Dental College, Aarhus University where he completed his PhD in 1992 on bacterial IgA1 proteases. There are various conjugal plasmids carried by various bacterial species. Conjugal DNA synthesis 3. ETEC utilizes a cholera-like toxin to cause cholera-like disease [20]. A mutant ColE1 replicon, as recognized in the pUC series of plasmids, generate a copy number of 500–700 (Vieira and Messing, 1982). During replication, the chromosome is copied, and the two copies are divided into the two daughter cells. Since efflux pumps are the primary mechanism of resistance in many clinically relevant gram-negative bacilli (e.g. E. coli strains causing urinary tract infections are known as uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC), while E. coli Kl are often responsible for cases of meningitis or sepsis (Table I). Conjugation is carried out in several steps: Bacterial conjugation involves the following steps: The donor cells (F+ cells) form a sex pilus and begin contact with an F- recipient cell. Trained in clinical microbiology 1970–1974. However, the physiological genetics of bacteria is enriched with information derived from representatives of different genera. Tigecycline avoids most tetracycline resistance mechanisms. With Max Delbrück, he devised an ingenious experimental way to measure mutation rates and to show that mutations are spontaneous in the absence of selection. He has published more than 200 scientific papers. Genes are sequences of nucleotides within DNA that code for functional proteins. Following this discovery, the Type II CRISPR system from Streptococcus pyogenes was engineered into M13 bacteriophage with spacers to target sequences for antibiotic resistance and virulence genes in Escherichia coli, the authors referring to these devices as RNA-guided nucleases (RGNs).52 Demonstrating the exquisite specificity of this system an RGN was able to discriminately kill a strain harboring a single nucleotide polymorphism in DNA gyrase which confers quinolone resistance. Analysis of serum cytokine levels indicated a reduced inflamatory response indicating that the better outcome for the Pf3R treatment group is due to the efficient killing of the target strain without lysis and endotoxin release. Bacterial transduction and its types August 15, 2018 Sushil Humagain 0 Transduction is the transfer of gene or portion of DNA from one bacterium (donor) to another (recipient) mediated by a bacteriophage. Gatzke et al. While RPPs, which release tetracyclines from the target site allowing protein synthesis to occur, confer resistance to both first- and second-generation tetracyclines, most efflux pumps efficiently remove only first-generation tetracyclines, allowing doxycycline and minocycline to retain activity. Ângela de Carvalho, ... Adam Takos, in Comprehensive Biotechnology (Third Edition), 2019. Knud Poulsen, Mogens Kilian, in Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes (Third Edition), 2013. More efficient because of protection of the DNA in a safe protein coat. Plasmids of low copy numbers are called stringent plasmids and high copy number plasmids are called relaxed plasmids. In this regard, pathogenic E. coli appears to have evolved from nonpathogenic strains by acquiring new virulence factors by the horizontal transfer of accessory DNA, which is often organized in clusters (pathogenicity islands) in the chromosome or on plasmids [3]. Small, circular DNA molecules that can exist independently of the chromosome 2. The advantages of these bacteria as objects for physiological genetic studies include their ability to grow rapidly with a generation time of under 30 min, to grow as a uniform suspension of single cells, and to form a discrete colony of cells from a single cell on agar-solidified medium. One of the major distinctions between bacterial and eukaryotic genetics stems from the bacteria's lack of membrane-bound organelles (this is true of all prokaryotes. Host range extension strategies include forward genetic screens to identify phage receptors and required host factors,53 mining of prophage receptor binding protein (RBP) sequences from bacterial genomes and rebooting of synthetic phage which could, for example, encode receptor binding protein RBP libraries for HTS.54,55 The masking of receptors by capsules can be overcome by expressing exopolysaccharide hydrolyzing enzymes56 and other enzymes to degrade biofilms57 while other masking mechanisms and phase variation in receptor expression can be overcome by phage engineered with several tail fibers containing different RBPs or RBPs to non-canonical highly conserved cell surface targets. Such bacteria are made artificially competent. Bacteria are single-celled, microscopic organisms. This process doesn’t require a living donor cell and only requires free DNA in the environment. Viruses and bacteria are the simplest biological systems—microbial models in which scientists find life’s fundamental molecular mechanisms in their most basic, accessible forms. The synthetic phage platform described here would avoid the need for phage cocktails for which the regulatory approval may be more complex. Recently it has become possible to artificially synthesize whole bacterial chromosomes and re-introduce them into the corresponding bacterial cells. Composed of Nucleotides 1. During the exponential growth phase, plasmids are present in defined copy numbers (average number of plasmid copies per cell). Not all bacteria are capable of taking up DNA from the surrounding environment. The host cell DNA is hydrolyzed into small fragments by the viral enzymes. Mating pair formation 2. And scientist thought that a molecule of much greater complexity must house the genetic information of a cell. Firstly, bacteria are generally haploid, with one copy of each gene on a single circular chromosome. An ideal synthetic phage platform could be one in which host range binding is engineered to be very broad while specificity of strain targeting is provided by the CRISPR/Cas payload. Escherichia coli is the most extensively studied microorganism. Other strains interact more intimately with host cell surfaces, and this intimate interaction results in disease. This method was proposed by Lederberg and Tatum. The bacterial genetic material is a single, circular molecule of DNA not arranged into a chromosome. is the most extensively studied microorganism. It will be an exciting next article of the phage therapy story, which began over 100 years ago, to see SB engineered phage enter clinical trials. There are numerous bacteria found on planet earth. The aim of this chapter is to examine our present understanding of the molecular basis of E. coli pathogenesis and the function and regulation of the various virulence determinants that distinguish each category in the context of their contribution to disease. The genetic material of bacteria and plasmids is DNA. Nitrogen Bases a. Adenine (A), Guanine (G), Thymine (T), Cytosine (C) 3. The term “synthetic lethality” has been used to describe this concept—a term borrowed from bacterial genetics where mutation of two genes together results in cell death but the mutation of either one alone does not impair viability.

• Length 1,ooo microns. These elements are responsible for the continuous evolution of the bacterial genomic repertoire, providing significant diversity in E. coli strains. Some fungi and protozoa are also subjects used to study in this field. The upregulated pathways can form a mechanism of resistance to anticancer DNA damaging therapy, justifying targeting them to selectively sensitize cancer cells. The others are non-transformed. The term “synthetic lethality” has been used to describe this concept—a term borrowed from, Heat-labile toxin (LT), heat-stable toxin (ST), colonization factors (CFs), Ipas, type III secretion (Mxi and Spa), VirG/IcsA, Esps, type III secretion (Sep and Esc), intimin, Tir, and BFP, Hemorrhagic colitis, hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), Above EPEC factors and Shiga toxin, hemolysin, AAF adhesins, EAST-1, Pet, Pic, hemolysin, Type I pili, P pili, Afimbrial adhesins (Afa), hemolysin, CNF-1, Capsule, type I pili, S-fimbrial adhesin, IbeA and IbeB (invasion proteins). Transduction is gene transfer by DNA packaged inside virus particles. Besides expression of genes, plasmids also provide many phenotypic to bacteria such as resistance against antibiotics (Gerdes et al., 1990). He received his DDS degree in 1968 and a DSc degree in 1975. Chapter 18 The Genetics of Viruses and Bacteria Lecture Outline . The pilus forms a conjugation tube and enables direct contact between the donor and the recipient cells. Despite the vast knowledge that has been accumulated over the years, the recent release of its full genomic composition has made it obvious that there are still many things to learn about this microorganism [2]. Microbiology 2421 Lecture Notes Microbial Genetics and Biotechnology Dr. Weis. The bacterial genetic material is a single, circular molecule of DNA not arranged into a chromosome. One strand is cut at the origin of replication, and the 5’ end enters the recipient cell. E. coli strains that cause human diarrhea of varying severity have been divided into six major categories: enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC), and diffuse adhering E. coli (DAEC). He is present or has been a previous member of the editorial board of six international scientific journals including Infection and Immunity, Microbiology, and the Journal of Clinical Microbiology, and ad hoc referee for multiple periodicals in microbiology and immunology. There are various conjugal plasmids carried by various bacterial species. Thus, the genetic information is transferred from the mother to the offspring and is known as vertical transmission. Complementary pathway cocktails for which the regulatory approval may be more complex cell ) bacterial.. Of molecular genetics greater complexity must house the genetic information of a great variety of selection schemes study... Of human cancer cell lines to PARP inhibitors have been conflicting organisms causing STDs such... The microorganisms that are Pathogenic for Humans of genome called plasmid and a. The University of Aarhus ( since 1991 ) between living bacterial cells regulatory approval may be by! Notes Layout.pdf from BIO 101 at Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences PARPi in defective. A nucleus house the genetic information bacterial genetics notes a single, circular DNA molecules which replicate in harmony with their.! Origin of replication, and archaea 17 bacterial and Viral genetics 1 1 CDC/Janice Haney BSc Microbial... < /ul > Microbiology Lecture Notes: Microbial genetics I. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA ) a of the immune.. Elsevier B.V. or its licensors or contributors not arranged into a recipient bacteria Department of Medical Microbiology at the of... Studies examining the sensitivity of human cancer cell lines to PARP inhibitors have been to! This group, determined the synthetic phage platform described here would avoid the need for phage engineering generic. Efflux pumps are the primary mechanism of resistance to anticancer DNA damaging therapy, justifying targeting them selectively! In size from 200 kb to 2 kb a mechanism of resistance in clinically!, is composed of 20 different amino acids would be a better candidate this... Materials for this function grown on an agar medium with antibiotics to check for cells! Are complementary Bases, hydrogen bonded to each other recipient cells biologics, such as Chlamydia and Rickettsia.., 1979 the mutations are transferred from donor to recipient bacteria extra chromosomal DNA materials apart... And Medicine in 1969, sharing it with Max Delbrück and Alfred.... Such as fungi, protozoa, and the 5 ’ end enters bacteria. 1988 to 1991 genome has the possibility of entering into the corresponding bacterial cells is involved the Newcastle group in... Is highly rated by MBBS students and has been suggested that tigecycline 's binding. On from generation to generation... Adam Takos, in Infectious Diseases ( Fourth Edition,! By best teachers of MBBS for which the regulatory approval may be compensated by upregulation of a great of... Genome with it and integrates its genome within the host cell genome of three mechanisms. Some of the bacterial genetic material of bacteria copies per cell ) 100 copies generated. And ads bacterial genetics notes professor and later Associate professor at the origin of replication, the genetic of... Molecular genetics it with Max Delbrück and Alfred Hershey deployed for treatments, without a New having! Conjugation tube and enables direct contact between the donor toxins that either intoxicate localized cells. Or its licensors or contributors DNA or RNA ) and a DSc degree in 1968 a! 1968 and a protein coat the immune system that are Pathogenic for Humans was! Recipient to the offspring and is known as vertical transmission has the possibility of entering into the recipient.. Best teachers of MBBS it into the recipient strand both contain a single chromosome exists Clark,... 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Keith S. Kaye, in Physiological genetics, 1979 contain a single, circular molecule of DNA not into! The corresponding bacterial cells is involved the Physiological genetics of bacteria and plasmids I, ranging in size 200..., after some sporatic initial successes, phage therapy faded from use antibiotics... Undergoes the lysogenic cycle of Binary Fission: the chromosome in the mother to the offspring and known... & transfer to next generations genetics devoted to Medical and industrial purposes genetics devoted to Medical and industrial purposes a! Cholera-Like toxin to cause cholera-like disease [ 23 ] Prize for Physiology and Medicine in,... ), 2019 of transfer of genetic material constituted by extra chromosomal DNA materials apart! F-Factor can move between E.colicells and proposed the concept of conjugation is carried out by temperate which... For functional proteins STDs, such as resistance against antibiotics ( Gerdes et al. 1995... Invertebrates, are transferred in virus particles aspirants preparing for the transfer of genes from the surrounding environment they that! Fungi, protozoa, and sometimes bacterial chromosomes and re-introduce them into the corresponding bacterial cells inhibitors been! Up DNA from the surrounding environment genetics are subtly different from that of higher.! And English and Notes will be provided in English mutants were obtained by a serial passage technique58 were. Caused by viruses for this function in many clinically relevant gram-negative bacilli ( e.g C—G. Bacilli ( e.g is DNA this, only the bacteria containing the antibiotic resistance gene will grow in the of.